The visible light has wavelengths stretches between - 400–700 nanometers.
The primary source of light is - sun.
Optics is a branch of physics that deals with the properties and behavior of light, along with its interactions with - the matter.
Light exhibits various properties which are - Reflection, Refraction, Total internal reflection,
Dispersion.
Light speed is 3 x 108 m/s which is the form of - energy.
Light is a - transverse wave.
When light falls on the surface of an object it can either be- Absorbed, Transmitted, Reflected
If an object absorbs all the light falling on it, then it will appear perfectly black for example - a blackboard.
An object is said to transmit light if it allows light to pass through itself and such objects are - transparent.
If an object sends back light rays falling on its surface then it is said to - have reflected the light.
When a ray of light falls on a boundary separating two media comes back into the same media, then this phenomenon is called - the reflection of light.
The angle of incidence is equal to - the angle of reflection.
The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence all lie in the - same plane.
To see his full image in a plane mirror, a person required a mirror of - at least half of his height
Laws of reflection are applicable to all types of reflecting surfaces including - spherical surfaces.
The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror may be curved - inwards or outwards.
A spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface is curved inwards, that is, faces towards the centre of the sphere, is called - a concave mirror.
A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards, is called - a convex mirror.
The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part of a sphere which has a centre - That point is called the centre of curvature of the spherical mirror.
The centre of curvature is not a part of the mirror. It lies - outside its reflecting surface.
The centre of curvature of a concave mirror lies - in front of it.
The centre of curvature of a convex mirror lies - behind the mirror.
The phenomenon of deviation of light rays from its path when it travels from one transparent medium to another medium is called - refraction of light.
The cause of refraction is due to the different speed of light - in different medium.
When a ray of light enters from one medium to another medium, its frequency and phase do not change, but - wavelength and velocity change.
Due to refraction from Earth's atmosphere - the stars appear twinkle.
The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all three lie in - the same plane in refraction of light.
When light travels through a denser medium towards a rarer medium it deviates away from the normal, therefore - a pond appears shallower.
A coin appears at lesser - depth in water.
The angle of incidence in a denser medium for which the angle of refraction in rarer medium becomes 90°, is called the critical angle.
When a light ray travelling from a denser medium to the rarer medium, in this incident at the interface at an angle of incidence greater than
critical angle, then light rays reflected into the denser medium, this phenomenon is known as total internal reflection
Sparkling of diamond, mirage and looming, shinning of the air bubble in water and optical Fibre are examples of total internal reflection.
The image formed by a concave mirror is generally real and inverted
The image formed by a convex mirror is always virtual, erect and diminished.
The radius of Curvature (R): The radius hollow sphere of which the mirror is a part.
Pole (P): The mid-point of a spherical mirror is called pole.
Focus (F): when a parallel beam of light rays is incident on a spherical mirror then after reflection it meets or appears to meet at a point on the principal axis, called focus of the spherical mirror.
Focal length (f): Focal length d= R/2
Prism is a uniform transparent refracting medium bounded by plane surfaces inclined at some angles forming a triangular shape.
When a light is incident on a glass prism, it disperses into its seven colour components in the following sequence VIBGYOR, and this is known as the dispersion of white light.
The refractive index of glass is maximum for violet colour
The refractive index of glass is minimum for the red colour
Rainbow is caused by dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets, present in the atmosphere.
The water droplets act like small prisms in rainbow formation.
The twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric refraction of starlight.
The apparent position of the star is slightly different from its actual position.
The Sun is visible to us about 2 minutes before the actual sunrise, and about 2 minutes after the actual sunset because of atmospheric refraction.
Hotter air is less dense and has smaller refractive index than the cooler air.
The earth’s atmosphere is a heterogeneous mixture of minute particles like smoke, tiny water droplets, suspended particles of dust and molecules of air.
When a beam of light strikes such fine particles, the path of the beam becomes visible which is known as Tyndall Effect
The colour of the scattered light depends on the size of the scattering particles.
The order of colours in light, arranged from shortest wavelength to longest, is called the visible spectrum of light.
Ultraviolet light and x-rays have wavelengths shorter than violet light
infrared (heat) and radio waves have wavelengths longer than red light.
The full range of wavelengths for light is called the "electromagnetic spectrum.
Wavelength of White Light: The white light extends from the 400 nm to 750 nm.
Since, the speed of light, remains constant, as frequency goes up, wavelength must go down.
violet has the highest frequency and the shortest wavelength of the visible colours of light.
red has the lowest frequency and the longest wavelength of the visible colours of light.
